1.6 Principles of American Government

Separation of Powers

The Constitution divides government into three branches — legislative (makes laws), executive (enforces laws), and judicial (interprets laws) — so no single branch holds all power. This structure, influenced by Montesquieu, prevents tyranny by ensuring each branch has distinct, limited responsibilities.

Checks and Balances

Each branch can limit the powers of the others through checks and balances. Examples: the president can veto legislation, Congress can override a veto or impeach officials, and courts can declare laws unconstitutional through judicial review. This keeps power balanced and accountable.

Federalism

Federalism divides power between the national government and state governments, each with its own authority. This system, established in the Constitution, allows states to govern local matters while the federal government handles national concerns, reflecting the Framers' fear of concentrated power.

Key terms

Separation of powers

Dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each with distinct functions.

Checks and balances

A system allowing each branch to limit the powers of the others (e.g., veto, override, judicial review).

Federalism

Division of power between the national government and state governments.

Judicial review

The power of courts to declare laws or executive actions unconstitutional.

Veto override

Congress can override a presidential veto with a two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate.

Try an AP-style question

Which principle does this illustrate?

1. Popular sovereignty
2. Checks and balances
3. Federalism
4. Judicial review