2.4 Problem Solving

Strategies for solving problems

Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a correct solution but can be slow. Heuristics are mental shortcuts ("rules of thumb") that are faster but don't guarantee accuracy. Trial and error involves testing solutions until one works, while insight is a sudden, non-linear realization of a solution without deliberate step-by-step reasoning.

Barriers to problem solving

Mental set is the tendency to keep using a solution that worked before, even when better options exist. Fixation describes getting stuck on one approach. Functional fixedness is a specific fixation where we only see an object's typical use, blocking creative solutions (e.g., not realizing a coin can be a screwdriver).

Cognitive biases affecting judgment

The availability heuristic judges likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind, which can overestimate rare but memorable events. The representativeness heuristic judges likelihood based on how well something matches a prototype, ignoring actual statistical probability. Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek information that supports existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

Key terms

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution, though it may be slow.

Heuristic

A mental shortcut that speeds up decision-making but can lead to errors.

Mental set

The tendency to keep using a solution that worked in the past, even when it's no longer effective.

Functional fixedness

The inability to see an object as having a use other than its typical one.

Availability heuristic

Judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.

Try an AP-style question

What strategy is this?

1. An algorithm
2. A heuristic
3. Insight
4. Functional fixedness