2.3 Cognitive Processes

Solving problems and making decisions

Problem solving uses strategies like algorithms (step-by-step procedures guaranteeing a solution) and heuristics (mental shortcuts that are faster but less reliable). Trial and error tests solutions until one works, while insight is a sudden realization of a solution without step-by-step processing. Decisions can also be shaped by intuition, quick automatic judgments made without conscious reasoning.

Barriers and biases in thinking

Mental sets cause us to keep using familiar solutions even when better ones exist, and functional fixedness limits us to seeing objects only in their typical use. Cognitive biases distort judgment: confirmation bias favors info supporting existing beliefs, and the availability heuristic judges likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind, often overestimating rare, memorable events.

Creativity and its components

Creativity is the ability to generate novel and valuable ideas. It involves convergent thinking (narrowing options to one correct solution) and divergent thinking (generating many possible solutions). Creative thinking often benefits from flexibility, openness to new experiences, and willingness to take risks in reasoning.

Key terms

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution to a problem.

Heuristic

A mental shortcut that allows for quick judgments but can lead to errors.

Mental set

The tendency to keep using a solution that worked in the past, even when better options exist.

Functional fixedness

The tendency to view objects as only having their typical use, limiting creative problem solving.

Divergent vs. convergent thinking

Divergent: generating many possible solutions. Convergent: narrowing options to find one correct solution.

Try an AP-style question

A prototype is…

1. a mental shortcut
2. a false memory
3. the best example of a category
4. a step-by-step procedure