5.2 The Enlightenment

Roots of the Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (17th–18th centuries) grew from the Scientific Revolution, applying reason and observation to society, government, and human nature. Thinkers challenged traditional authority — divine right monarchy and the Church — arguing that natural laws could be discovered through reason to improve society, similar to how scientists discovered laws of nature.

Key thinkers and ideas

John Locke argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and government by consent. Montesquieu proposed separation of powers. Rousseau developed the social contract, claiming legitimate government stems from the general will of the people. Voltaire championed freedom of speech and religious tolerance. These ideas questioned absolutism and inspired reform.

Spread and global impact

Enlightenment ideas spread through salons, print culture, and pamphlets, reaching literate elites across Europe and the Americas. They fueled political movements demanding constitutions, representative government, and individual rights, directly inspiring revolutions in America, France, Haiti, and Latin America, and challenging monarchies and colonial rule worldwide.

Key terms

Enlightenment

A movement applying reason to society and government, challenging traditional authority and inspiring reform.

John Locke

Philosopher who argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and government based on consent.

Montesquieu

Proposed separation of powers into branches of government to prevent tyranny.

Rousseau's Social Contract

Idea that legitimate government arises from the general will of the people.

Voltaire

Advocate for freedom of speech and religious tolerance; criticized the Catholic Church.

Try an AP-style question

John Locke argued that governments must protect…

1. hereditary privilege
2. the power of the church
3. life, liberty, and property
4. the divine right of kings