1.3 The Power of Geographic Data

Types of Geographic Data

Geographers use qualitative data (descriptive, non-numerical, like interviews or field observations) and quantitative data (numerical, like census counts or GPS coordinates). Data comes from sources such as censuses, surveys, satellite imagery, and field observations. Combining both types gives a fuller picture of spatial patterns and human-environment relationships.

Technology for Collecting Data

GPS (Global Positioning System) pinpoints exact locations using satellites. Remote sensing gathers data from satellites or aircraft without physical contact, useful for tracking land use change. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) stores, analyzes, and displays spatial data in layered maps, letting geographers overlay variables like population density and rainfall.

Why Data Collection Matters

Accurate geographic data helps identify spatial patterns, inform policy, and solve real-world problems like disaster response or urban planning. However, data can carry bias based on how it's collected, who collects it, or gaps in coverage—so geographers must critically evaluate sources for reliability and representativeness.

Key terms

Qualitative data

Descriptive, non-numerical data, such as interviews or field observations.

Quantitative data

Numerical data, such as census counts, temperatures, or coordinates.

GPS

Global Positioning System; uses satellites to determine precise locations on Earth.

GIS

Geographic Information System; software that stores, analyzes, and displays layered spatial data.

Remote sensing

Collecting data about Earth's surface from satellites or aircraft without direct physical contact.

Try an AP-style question

Why do governments use geographic data in planning?

1. To avoid all public services
2. To target resources where needed
3. To draw random borders
4. To hide population trends