6.2 Global Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption Trends

Global energy consumption has risen sharply since the Industrial Revolution due to population growth, industrialization, and rising standards of living. Developed countries consume disproportionately more energy per capita than developing countries, though developing nations are rapidly increasing consumption as they industrialize, especially using fossil fuels like coal and oil.

Fossil Fuel Dominance

Most global energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels — oil, coal, and natural gas — because they are energy-dense, relatively inexpensive to extract, and have established infrastructure. This dependence contributes to resource depletion, geopolitical tension, and environmental issues like greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.

Uneven Distribution & Access

Energy consumption varies greatly by region, reflecting differences in wealth, infrastructure, and industrial activity. Countries with energy poverty lack reliable access to electricity, limiting economic development. As nations develop, energy demand typically shifts from biomass (wood, dung) toward fossil fuels and eventually diversifies with renewables.

Key terms

Global energy consumption trend

Has increased dramatically since the Industrial Revolution due to population growth and industrialization.

Fossil fuel dominance

Oil, coal, and natural gas supply most of the world's energy due to affordability and energy density.

Energy poverty

Lack of reliable access to modern energy services, limiting economic and social development.

Per capita energy use

Higher in developed countries due to industry, transportation, and higher living standards.

Energy transition pattern

As nations industrialize, energy use often shifts from biomass to fossil fuels, then diversifies toward renewables.

Try an AP-style question

Which energy sources supply most of the world's energy?

1. Nuclear power
2. Hydroelectric power
3. Solar and wind
4. Fossil fuels